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Japanese Boys Working in Coal Mine in Hsian, Manchuria

Outside view of buildings and Japanese boys, age 14 to 16, working at the coal mine in Hsian, Manchuria. These boys had been sent from Japan during the war as "Youthful Pioneers of Manchuria." Photograph taken during the U.S. Reparations Mission. Edwin Pauley was the U.S. Ambassador on the Allied Reparations Committee from 1945-47 (the committee that assessed the reparations the Axis powers could afford to pay the victors).

Chinese street merchants in Mukden, Manchuria

Young Chinese boys working as street merchants in Mukden, Manchuria in front of Yamato Hotel (also called Shenyang Railway Hotel), posing for photograph taken by Karl, a member of Ambassador Edwin W. Pauley's Reparations Mission. Photograph taken during the U.S. Reparations Mission. Edwin Pauley was the U.S. Ambassador on the Allied Reparations Committee from 1945-47 (the committee that assessed the reparations the Axis powers could afford to pay the victors).