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O.J. McDiarmid Oral History Interview

… a lot of things, none of which had much to do with the overall economic policies that the occupation was trying to get the japanese to adopt. mckinzie: as an economist, you couldn't help but have some feelings about those kind of things. i'm … the economy of japan, in fact, just the opposite. we were there to enforce measures which were calculated to prevent the japanese from becoming a military threat. now, there was a certain amount of economic philosophy introduced into the policies that we were asking the japanese to adopt. but all these had some sort of a military justification, such as land reform, which brought about a …

Dr. R. Burr Smith Oral History Interview

… a collection of foreign nationals who had been stranded in japan of [12] various nationalities; stateless germans, anglo-japanese, a czech, a portuguese, and so on and so forth. we had about 20 nationalities. some japanese professionals who we could "clear" in a security sense. now remember that most japanese professionals had been tarred one way or another, so the japanese professionals that could be cleared largely were …

Robert W. Barnett Oral History Interview

… violent and pervasive through the countryside, i was very much tempted to get in the war on the chinese side against the japanese, but nobody was urging me to volunteer. working for the united china relief was a way of my becoming morally and administratively involved in a war that meant a great deal to me. i was bitterly anti-japanese, vengefully so, during those years. and my academic pursuits [3] had a practical and pugilistic motivation. i was … i had no idea of starting at the top, i just wanted to start. well, i was in the pentagon, working, [9] actually, on the japanese surrender problem when i had a phone call from ed martin, who is now the chairman of the dac, development assistance …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, April 16, 1969

… arriving, i stated to the press again the official purpose of my trip. in answer to questions regarding my discussion on japanese monetary problems i stated that i would talk on any subject that general macarthur wished to discuss. so i just … of twelve treasury experts, specialists, over to work on the taxes, and new monetary phases of the reorganization of the japanese government. mr. dodge warmly thanked me for the splendid work that the treasury people had done and expressed … press had been extremely active trying to stir up trouble in every fashion possible between the american troops and the japanese people and the korean people. okinawa, of course, was quite an area of conflict. the akahata was the newspaper that …

Karl R. Bendetsen Oral History, October 24, 1972

… treaty on the subject, to which the u.s. was a signatory? the germans and most of our allies were signatories whereas the japanese and the soviets were not. what steps should be contemplated regarding enemy aliens if war came? what, if anything, … concluded all signs pointed to the likelihood of surprise attack of some kind. [37] they stressed that large elements of japanese naval strength had been on radio silence. they cited among other supporting facts suspicious behavior on the part of some japanese residents whom intelligence kept under close surveillance. general short said as i was taking my leave from his …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, April 30, 1969

… and the further problem of the attitude of the soviets toward korea, i must remind you of what happened there when the japanese peace came. korea was occupied by the japanese up until the surrender, and so at the time of the surrender of japan, it was determined, regarding the surrender of the japanese troops in korea, that those japanese troops that were north of the 38th parallel, surrender to the russians, and …

George L. McColm Oral History Interview

… the invasion and occupation of japan after world war ii), war department. in charge of military government, ponape island (japanese occupied island in the pacific, liberated by the united states in world war ii) 1945-46; soil conservation officer, … center, deseret, utah, war relocation authority and his relationship with dillon myer and farming techniques used by the japanese americans interned at topaz; his commission as lieutenant in the united states navy and his assignment as chief of … occupation after world war ii; his experience as military governor of ponape island in the pacific liberated from the japanese at end of world war ii; his experience as soil conservationist, navajo reservation after returning from service in …

Richard D. Weigle Oral History Interview

… opened a track meet that general ho chien the governor was host to. but you could understand, later in the decade, why the japanese felt they had to move when they did. you felt that the chiang government was finally beginning to develop a degree … relieved at myitkyina because he [6] apparently had been unable to make any headway there in capturing the city from the japanese. so, he was assigned to the rear echelon, and i became a kind of g-2, g-3 to him. then i went over with him into … had a good many [11] more in the various divisions. we had ca, the division of chinese affairs, na, the division of japanese and korean affairs, sea, the division of southeast asian affairs, and pi, as i think it was called, the division of …

John F. Melby Oral History

… discussed a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x-y-z acheson, dean: and china, 164 , 167 , 168 , 173-174 and japanese peace treaty, 257-260 and korea, 235 and melby, john f., 258 , 260 and white paper on china, 168 , 173-174 aquino, … 53-54 , 77 democratic league (china), 138 , 265 deutch, michael, 211 dilling, elizabeth, 22-23 dulles, john foster, and japanese peace treaty, 257-259 durbrow, elbridge, 105 eisler, gerhart, and hellman, lillian, 279-281 emmerson, john, 37 … a.a., 119 philippines, 148 and absentee landlords, 196 elections in, 200-204 huk rebellion, 181-182 , 187 , 196 , 245 japanese treaty, reaction to, 225-226 nationalism in, 227-229 u.s. policy toward, 181-205 , 210-211 , 237-241 and war claims …

U. Alexis Johnson Oral History Interview

… our prison camps as well. and so i went [7] around the country with a c-47, landing where we could land and then getting japanese to drive me up to the camps, making contact with our camps and with the prisoners and the local japanese, and then making contact with the task forces that came in to evacuate them--primarily the naval task forces at … in it. but in most of these places, i was the first american in and the first american to make any direct contact with the japanese, because the headquarters, you see, was handling this through japanese command channels, and the headquarters, apart …

Dr. Raymond Vernon Oral History Interview

… division, u.s. dept. of state, 1942-1946; asst. chief, international resources division, 1946-1948; member of mission on japanese combines, 1946; adviser on commercial policy, 1948; member, u.s. delegation, gen. agreement on tariffs and trade, … sec being then in philadelphia. then, by sheerest accident i was selected as a kind of third choice when the mission on japanese combines was being set up under corwin edwards. they were looking for somebody who knew something about the … go back and sort of work at the end of the war, and we might even take it back to how had you got onto this mission on japanese combines in 1946? what was the kind of background preparation, as you recall, and the thinking in the government …

Raphael Green Oral History Interview

… a briefing on what pauley had already done? he had been over in china in november of 1945 i notice. green: oh, that was japanese reparations, that was another trip. you see, he made three reparations trips, i believe to germany, japan and then … an advantage over her neighbors.” then it went on to talk about industrial disarmament of japan, and about allocating japanese industrial plants to countries that were entitled to reparations to help them round out their own economies. also, … problem. then when we got to manchuria, the experts found that there was material that they were able to pick up from the japanese and chinese, such as documents, charts, maps and so forth. these had to be kept in a file. we had a lot of native …

Niles W. Bond Oral History Interview

… about the process of repatriation and what happened to you after pearl harbor? bond: nothing very much happened to us. the japanese kempeitai decided that since the consulate in yokohama was a combined office and residence and had a high wall and … repatriated in late june of 42. it took us two months to get home because we went a rather round-about way. we went by japanese ship from yokohama to lourenzo marques in portuguese east africa; and then we went aboard the gripsholm there; … russians. the north korean army included a lot of soviet citizens of korean origin who had fled into siberia during the japanese occupation and had become russians. a lot had been in the russian army and were [36] brought back into north korea. …

Karl R. Bendetsen Oral History Interviews

… army. in this latter capacity, among other duties, bendetsen directed the evacuation and relocation in 1942 of persons of japanese ancestry who were then resident along the pacific sea frontier of the united states. during the administration of … h., 121 hull, john e., 201 iran, 193 , 194 , 279 japan, 37 , 38 , 41-43 , 46-49 , 53-56 , 58-60 , 66 , 68 , 70 , 131 , 132 japanese-americans, relocation of (world war ii), 62-92 , 93-115 johnson, louis a., 185-187 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 213 , 214 , … in government appointments, 277 , 278 criticism of, 281 , 282 forrestal, james v., relationship with, 173 , 174 japanese-americans, and relocation of in ww ii, 71-73 , 106-108 , 112 , 115 , 118 johnson, louis a., appoints secretary of …

Dr. Arthur N. Young Oral History Interview

… these warlords as major factors, which he succeeded in doing for the most part by about 1931. then, at that time, the japanese jumped on china by seizing manchuria through their invasion in september of 1931. perhaps i should give a little … invading manchuria and forcing the chinese to make a rather humiliating settlement. well, that was not lost on the japanese military. the japanese government had also signed these no-war treaties, but the japanese military had their designs on manchuria. of …

Sir Cuthbert Clegg Oral History Interview

… when the teams got there. undoubtedly it did arise. i was concerned with textiles. you remember before the war how the japanese textile industry was undercutting [23] everybody else in the whole world, and they got very unpopular as a result. … is another thing that the american plan led to. there was a lot of mention of american productivity. during the war the japanese were very short of metal for munitions. they scrapped a lot of their textile machinery, used the metal for shells … and so after the war, about 1950 or '51, when macarthur was still in tokyo you had a big orientation there building up the japanese economy again, putting them on their feet. i always thought that this was a friendly and generous gesture. but …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, April 9, 1969

… that i had sent over at his request and loaned to him to make a study of the tax situation to plan a tax program for the japanese, to set up a revenue collecting operation, to set up a new accounting system for the new japanese government. this [1343] work had been well underway and was approaching the close of the operation. and so i felt … cold north, but the year around average temperature of juneau is higher than it is here in washington. it's because of the japanese ocean current that goes around that way. i learned, much to my interest, that over in the area around anchorage they …

General Louis W. Truman Oral History Interview

… part, because he knew hawaii inside and out. he had a yacht over there and he used to go everyplace around it. he knew the japanese on hawaii, and he had studied japanese history. he knew from past history, but i didn't know it at that time, that really since 1923 the japanese wanted to take hawaii some time, and to get it away from the united states. now, whether he knew anything in …

John F. Cady Oral History Interview

… also problems of law and order, plus an analysis of the whole administration of the burman government. i [7] also examined japanese wartime relations with the burmese people. in certain portions of late 1944 and early '45, we had available for the … raw materials and foods for world purposes; but i don't think this was politically important during wartime. they had the japanese on their necks and their impact was often extremely brutal. there were relatively [9] few burmans who would go along with dr. ba maw, whom the japanese selected as leader of wartime burma to assist the japanese in winning the war. eventually, most burmans who …

Robert G. Nixon Oral History Interview, October 21, 1970

… to lose a million men. now this was the military estimate. it had been learned, in the fighting to take over that lower japanese island, that the japanese were fierce, and that they were going to make a last-ditch stand. as truman was told, we could expect to lose … the lives of a million american boys" who would be lost if they had to invade the island of honshu. this was to compel the japanese surrender before there was an invasion, which, incidentally, had already been wrapped up. i forget at the moment the …

O. Edmund Clubb Oral History Interview

… passed them. and when the department offered the opportunity of opting for some strange language like turkish or russian, japanese or chinese, i chose to study chinese. in those days at the end of the twenties one ordinarily studied his foreign … where however, i operated the office at hanoi only one half day before the war broke out and i was interned by the japanese. and then i served in vladivostok in the soviet far east. it was actually there that the beginning of the truman … they were the americans, having recently opened an office; the chinese, who had interest in the soviet far east; and the japanese. we naturally had no dealings with the japanese, because we were at war with them although the soviets were not. and …

John J. Muccio Oral History Interview, February 10, 1971

… of '45 up to 1950. but when we first arrived there, the korean attitude was that american "overlords" had merely replaced japanese overlords. there was practically no cooperation, no response from the koreans. they figured that we were there, we … the first year that they had exported rice? muccio: well, since before the war, yes. prior to the war, of course, the japanese took a lot of the rice and sent millet and other cheap grains as substitutes. hess: after the eca was established … june of 1950, just a week before the fight broke out, john foster dulles, at that time in charge of negotiations with the japanese on the administrative agreement, spent four days in korea. [29] hess: was his main job at that time working out the …

H. Graham Morison Oral History Interviews

… of virginia, 161-162 isbrandtsen steamship line, 215-223 jackson, robert h., 6 , 9 japan, atomic bombing of, 90 , 92-96 japanese-americans, relocation of, world war ii, 27-29 , 113-115 japanese claims act, 115 jennings, pat, 424-426 johnson, lyndon b., 63 johnston, eric a., 279 justice department, u.s.: …

Davidson Sommers Oral History Interview

… freedom and democracy unless they endangered the safety of the military occupation forces. johnson: in other words, if the japanese had demonstrated and protested enough about the emperor, and had decided that he ought to be abolished, that … about it. on the contrary, he replied in effect, "i don't want to change a word." johnson: that would have allowed the japanese, on their [8] own, to get rid of the emperor if they had felt that way? sommers: that's what the policy implied. it … the emperor, because he was such an important symbol. in that connection, i remember being in mccloy's office when the japanese surrender message was first received. it was typical that state and navy and army representatives met in mccloy's …

Karl R. Bendetsen Oral History, November 9, 1972

… on from our first interview, you mentioned that you were called back from england to assist in the matter of the japanese citizens who were being relocated. why was it felt necessary to call you back from your task? bendetsen: as i … introduce at this point for the first time some reference to the establishment of the famous regimental combat team of japanese-americans. this idea was born during discussions which i had initiated and held with mr. mccloy, and he in turn with … pacific. this was already underway. i was convinced however that an opportunity should be extended to volunteers among the japanese-american evacuees (the nisei), to join one of more organized combat units to take part in the campaign in europe. …

Conrad E. Snow Oral History Interview

… u.s. representative negotiating status of forces agreement, london, 1951; and chairman, clemency and parole board for japanese war criminals, 1952-56. gilmanton iron works, n.h. july 2, 1973 by richard d. mckinzie table of contents oral … for the record something of the other board on which you served? snow: the third clemency board that i served on was for japanese war criminals. that was by appointment of the secretary of state. the clemency and parole board for japanese war criminals, which consisted of roger kent, general counsel for the secretary of defense; james v. bennett, …

Fred L. Lee Oral History Interview

… on the way over. in his job they'd go into caves and they'd claim these great big caches of [counterfeit money] -- the japanese had printed up american money which they were going to flood onto the american market. you know that could do … they found those in caves, in japan? lee: yes, in caves. johnson: counterfeit american money. lee: yes. and they found japanese treasures, some of their heritage, whatever things that had been secreted to the caves for protection in case … i know he was talking one time about one of the things at the tail-end of the war. one of the demoralizing things [to the japanese] was that the army intelligence had gotten word that the japanese were going to build this big battleship, or …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, April 3, 1968

… one of the items that we thought very important to press at that time was the insistance that russia should enter into the japanese war to relieve part of the pressure on our troops in the pacific. as it turned out that became less important and … matter of their not being anxious to get back in control. of course, new zealand and australia had not been touched by the japanese invasions but singapore and hong kong had, and those were their two important trading points. they were most anxious … do that there was very little doubt but that it would bring about an early cessation of the war, and without it that the japanese were going to put up a last ditch stand and would fight to the loss of every man in the armed forces of japan to …

Tom C. Clark Oral History Interview

… it was, president [18] truman had indicated to him that he was thinking of dropping one of these instruments on the japanese. he, mr. stalin, didn't seem to react in a way that indicated to mr. truman that he even knew the bomb was in the … of alien enemy control of the western defense command. clark: yes. hess: and chief of the civilian staff of the japanese relocation in 1942, is that correct? clark: '41... hess: in 1941. clark: ...and '42. hess: 1941 and '42. do you … and he told me that mr. roosevelt wanted to have a civilian that would take some of the military emphasis off of this japanese problem on the west coast. the difficulty was to figure out who they could get. they didn't know anybody that had …

George M. Elsey Oral History Interview, July 7, 1970

… as the potsdam ultimatum. you may recall that about the 27th of july a statement was issued, from potsdam, calling on the japanese to surrender. the text of this document was a lengthy one and there were various changes. it bounced back and forth … almost instantly, relating to the peace talks that were going on--some of the peace moves that were being made by the japanese behind the scenes and that in which the russians and others were involved. so, it was a busy time, but i simply cite … made the right decision in authorizing the dropping of the bomb. i agree with that position. while we knew that the japanese were having troubles, we knew that various peace talks, or peace feelers, were under way, there was absolutely no …

Walter H. Judd Oral History Interview

… and john hay, his secretary of state. it was supported one hundred percent by president [woodrow] wilson when [24] the japanese tried to wreck it in 1915. then again it was supported by the republicans in 1921-22 at the washington nine power … sherman, and yet we expected greece, or chiang kai-shek to come out from eight years of invasion and occupation by the japanese and be all streamlined overnight. i argued that you can't save europe in the end unless you save asia too. you have … of munitions we sent to vladivostok during the war, from portland and vancouver and seattle. they sailed right through the japanese islands, and japan never interfered with a one of them because she had all she could do fighting china and us …

Paul H. Nitze Oral History Interviews, June 11 and June 17, 1975

… i think the new plan went into execution august 1. the basis of the plan was the navy had pretty well sunk most of the japanese ships either through submarine or through mine attack. the navy felt that they could with assurance either mine or … mealed" japan not just to the island but to portions of the island. it wasn't necessary to continue to burn down the japanese cities; enough of that damage had been done and there wasn't any point, really, in trying to further destroy the oil … single plan," and he said, "i think your plan is the way to do it." he said, "how long do you think it would be before he japanese would surrender under your plan?" i said, "well, we've discussed this. i've discussed it with the other directors of …

Arthur R. Ringwalt Oral History Interview

… daughter were sent home in october '39, and i came home on leave in '41 just before our war with japan broke out. a young japanese language officer then stationed in peking and i estimated that i could get home and he couldn't. my leave was due in … a taxi at the station with my wife; the driver turned the radio on, when we heard the announcement over the radio that the japanese had attacked pearl harbor. so, i didn't go to the little flat we had reserved but went straight to the state … kweilin, the idea being that, [13] as i understood it, i would be the consul general in canton in exile, so to speak. the japanese had taken over hong kong and canton, and so kweilin was the closest place we could get to canton and hong kong …

Robert L. Dennison Oral History Interview, October 6, 1971

… drove as if he were. we went down a little dirt road which was only wide enough for a cart really. he sideswiped some poor japanese's cart and drove on. on the right was a pretty considerable slope, and he went off the road, the right front wheel … no [66] idea what the temper of the people would be. we got to the railway .station and we expected almost anything. the japanese train, of course; was completely surrounded by japs. everybody recognized the u.s. uniform, obviously. we didn't … first peking--(i had been [67] there a couple of times before the war), the place was a shambles, mainly because the japanese had let it go to hell, had taken all of the plumbing out of the hotels and things to make shells and weapons. the …

Lucius D. Battle Oral History Interview

… a step that would help to preserve that. the dulles appointment grew out of all that, and the appointment to do the japanese peace treaty. well, for the next months he did primarily the japanese peace treaty, but he also worked on the austrian treaty and the german problems, and economic interests in europe, … the incidents where i felt he behaved badly, but there were many of them. then finally he decided he wanted to resign. the japanese peace treaty had been completed. it was the summer of 1952, perhaps the spring of 1952. he was anxious to get in the …

John F. Melby Oral History Interview, November 14, 1986

… they proceeded to take manchuria to pieces, and they had no opposition to it. we believed, as did the russians, that the japanese army was a good army and still in being, and we were going, in the end, to have to fight the japanese in manchuria. well, there wasn't any army left to speak [121] of or anything. so the russians proceeded to dismantle … decided they've got to go. i made arrangements to have them all suddenly transported to the philippines, to the old japanese concentration camp at baguio. they all left in october. they didn't like going but still... i saw the group when i …

Philip Trezise Oral History Interview

… we had an occupation role and an expensive one, because we had large requirements for aid or for supplies to keep the japanese, it was believed, from starving and being in a desperate case. there was china, which was rapidly going down the … exchange earnings. the other side of it, of course, was that the korean war also set off an [31] industrial boom. the japanese, for example, came out of the korean war in shape to begin their miracle. and we did say in the report that we could … depended for export products into defense production. as a result of that diversion, they weakened themselves, and the japanese and germans began at the time of the british rearmament and british contribution to nato to move into formerly …

William H. Cunningham Oral History Interview

… . present at the launching (january 29, 1944) and the commissioning (june 11, 1944) of the missouri and was at the japanese surrender in tokyo bay. independence, missouri april 18, 1980 by niel m. johnson [ notices and restrictions | … from one of the action reports, i’ve been told. johnson: according to one of these books, the missouri started bombarding japanese soil again on july 15th of 1945. cunningham: that’s right. i missed the first one. [40] johnson: the first series … went up on the number three turret and it was the first time they had had outside movies since... johnson: and you’re in japanese waters. cunningham: right in sagami won. johnson: how far from shore were you? cunningham: not over a half mile. i …

Stephen J. Spingarn Oral History Interviews

… security subcommittee hearing, april 1953, 726-736 international petroleum cartel report of 1953, 271-279 , 583-590 j japanese-american (nisei) regimental combat team (442nd), 759-762 japanese-americans, relocation of, 758-762 jenkins, walter, 243-244 , 1049 jenner, senator william e., 746-747 john birch …

John F. Melby Oral History Interview, November 21, 1986

… one other incident, when i had brought to his attention the dirty deals that one john foster dulles was making about the japanese peace treaty. you see, mr. truman had given dulles this job to do on his own. he was not under the control and the … which were getting complaints from everybody, from the british, from the australians, from the filipinos, even from the japanese. the one that came to my attention came from romulo, who was outraged that dulles had made some arrangement with the japanese, saying to the japanese, "don't worry, there's no mention of reparations in the treaty. on reparations, i'll take …

Paul H. Nitze Oral History Interview, August 4, 1975

… four special programs. i might talk about one other somewhat special project and that was the question of determining what japanese ships, both navy ships and commercial ships, had been sunk by whom, when, and where. of course, there had been … ship, and the other ship. and the aggregate of all of the claims on the u.s. side was substantially in excess of the total japanese navy and the total japanese merchant marine. this task wasn't really that difficult to accomplish. we gained access to all the japanese records …

Oscar L. Chapman Oral History Interview, November 3, 1972

… good commissioner? [727] chapman: let me say this; he was a better commissioner of the indian office than he was of the japanese relocation camps. you realize that the war relocation camps were put in our department. hess: and had he been in … this was beginning right in '51. i started in to try to get them out of there, close them as fast as i could. hess: the japanese relocation camps? chapman: yes. hess: did they still have those in 1951? six years after the war? chapman: oh, no, … government to get a job for a man, and i didn't want to wait that long. so, i said... hess: he wanted for everyone of the japanese that was in there, is that right? chapman: yes, to have a job; when we released him he had to have a job to go to. …

Ambassador Philip D. Sprouse Oral History Interview

… economic aid was badly needed to start economic recovery in this country which had been at war for many years against the japanese. the minute that general marshall left the country, of course, his hand was off the helm and psychologically this … to washington in which they recommended the arming of the chinese communists to participate in the [55] attack on the japanese at the time we were on the verge of making a landing on the coast of china. this was done on the basis that this … to achieve some kind of modus vivendi with the chinese communists and use them and their military capabilities against the japanese at the time of our landing on the coast of china. this might have changed the course of history; i don't know. but …

Charles E. Saltzman Oral History Interview

… probably caused by a couple of problems we had in germany and to a lesser extent in austria that were not present in the japanese occupation. the lack of cooperation which continued always in the occupation, impeded, obviously, the kind of progress in germany which [7] had been contemplated at the end of the war. these problems were not in the japanese occupation at all, which was entirely under the control of general [douglas] macarthur at that time, and this … with respect to japan. it was farsighted on his part; i'll give him credit for that. i didn't know enough about the japanese situation, or else i wasn't smart enough to figure out, but it was quite some time before i realized that that …

Michael J. Dux Oral History Interview

… -- and i'm wondering [29] how he felt the far eastern commission dealt with it -- was the business of decartelization of japanese industry. from the very beginning, there was talk of breaking up everything, and then later there was talk of … establishment of a separate bureau of german affairs; i had really done more work on the german side by that time than the japanese, and so i went into the german bureau. mckinzie: what happened when the korean war then broke out? in the interim … discussed acheson, dean, 27 argentina, german (nazi) assets in, 9 army, u.s., administration of policy in german and japanese military occupation, 12-13 , 15 balkans, 4 berlin blockade, 24 bureau of european affairs, u.s. state department, 19 …

Dillon S. Myer Oral History Interview, Chap IX-XIII

… situation that he was facing most difficult, with the antagonisms on the part of much of the american public against the japanese because we were at war with japan and many people did not differentiate between the japanese americans and the japanese with whom we were at war. at the same time the problems of moving people from assembly centers on the west coast …

George M. Elsey Oral History Interview, March 17, 1976

… it was just a weapon. the military, as i said a few minutes ago, general marshall leading the group, were convinced the japanese were going to fight almost literally to the last man in defense of their homeland, and this would have been terribly … beginning to assert himself in a fashion he hadn't before. there was apparently a growing sentiment for peace within the japanese [20] structure, and a certain number of peace feelers were coming out from japan, not directly to us, but very, very … the whole leadership was very, very conscious of these. they knew what was going on because the americans were reading the japanese code, the messages, and knew that some of this stuff was going on. but the point i have to make here is that …

Willis C. Armstrong Oral History Interview

… pacific. the ships were either russian or american-built and russian-manned, and they would go neutral after they got near japanese waters. they put their lights on and they had "u.s.s.r." on the side in large letters, and flew the soviet flag, and they went on lit like christmas trees right through japanese waters into vladivostok and unloaded the supplies. that worked very well. we did this with aviation gasoline tankers right through japanese waters. once in a while the japanese would stop a ship and board it, and the russians would fill them full of vodka …

Robert L. Dennison Oral History Interview

… henry a., 59 and williamsburg yacht, 89 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 100 truman, mrs. harry (bess), 111-113 trusteeship of former japanese mandate, by united states, 13-14 twain, mark, 191 unification of armed services, 17-19 , 21 , 167-175 vardaman, …

H. Graham Morison Oral History Interview, August 1, 1972

… years at justice, i was, [14] successively, special assistant and executive assistant to the attorney general, head of the japanese claims program, assistant attorney general in charge of the civil division, during which time i was selected by dean … who was involved with the board of immigration officials and from him learned the full story of the plight of the american japanese and citizens of [28] japanese descent... hess: did you feel it was necessary at the time, in 1941 and 1942, to remove the japanese from the west …

John J. Muccio Oral History Interview, February 18, 1971

… we spent the evening by taking an automobile trip around the islands. of special interest was the various remnants of the japanese presence there during the war. and the next morning, of course, the--whitney by the way, was outraged at the fact … in korea because when the united states forces, the 24th army landed at inchon, for a long time the koreans felt that the japanese overlords were being replaced by american overlords. and that was a very important fact as to why we had a hell of a … korea the chinese had tremendous influence there for centuries. the russians were moving in in the late 19th century. the japanese knocked the hell out of the chinese in 1895 and of the russians in 1904 when the japanese moved in themselves. …

Merrill C. Gay Oral History Interview

… be discriminated against by the trading countries, and that would have, we thought, tremendous physiological effect on the japanese, as well as direct economic effect over time. the united states took a good deal of leadership in attempting to … accept their membership. i do remember that i made the first major statement in the plenary session in support [17] of japanese membership, and other statements from time to time. the japanese were modest in answering questions; they didn't push themselves. there was a surprising friendliness on the part of …

Tom C. Clark Oral History Interview, March 20, 1976

… he did not want the military to be out in front, you might say, on any problems that we had with the american citizens of japanese descent on the west coast. and so he wanted to give it a civilian hue and it was just one of those circumstances … west coast states, the three west coast states right on the pacific. and it just happened to be where all the people of japanese descent were living. in fact, about 110, 000 of them were living then in california, a smattering of them in oregon, … to protect their command. and then it was decided that that would be an exclusionary rule, which would exclude people of japanese descent from the west coast and so i worked on that for a while, and then congress created the war relocation …

Robert G. Nixon Oral History Interview, October 9, 1970

… that war was coming. hess: how did you know? nixon: well, i was covering foreign affairs then, [21] and i had followed the japanese moves, step by step, and this was a mounting thing that became obvious to me. hess: did you think the attack was coming while the two japanese envoys were here in town? nixon: well, it was obvious that they were here for some reason other than a peaceful … right in the door trying to find out what was going on) his face was gray like his name, and he said, "my god, bob, the japanese have bombed pearl harbor." so, i raced (this shows you how luck is; this was one of the most disappointing …

General John H. Chiles Oral History Interview

… and that was my reintroduction. there are various spellings to all these korean names. dcj: right. well, there are japanese, chinese, and korean spellings. jhc: we had japanese maps——a lot of times we couldn’t tell. dcj: well, like chosin reservoir--i believe chosin is the japanese spelling. now, you stayed as the 23rd’s commander till when? [13] jhc: the fourth of july. dcj: okay, from february …

Ralph Block Oral History Interview

… and i was asked to head the office on the west coast. i couldn't tell them why i [9] couldn't do it, that there was a japanese task force threatening the coast. after the battle of midway, i wrote to elmer davis that i was now free and i was … the enemy with the american forces; [23] the other was information inside india, gandhi having practically invited the japanese to come in,) the owi board said, "well, you write one." i thought, "my goodness, this is a bunch of amateurs." … omaha, but the stairway had been blown out. one morning i came down late to the mess and they said, "you just missed it. a japanese had been hiding here all this time and they finally flushed him out. [49] he didn't know the war was over." after …

H. Graham Morison Oral History Interview, August 4, 1972

… war? morison: well, at the time we didn't know anything about the atomic bomb and its radiation effects. we knew that the japanese were getting to the end of their rope on manpower, particularly their fleet and air power, which had been very … was a hard decision that had to be made and despite the consequences. it brought the war to an end and saved thousands of japanese and american lives -- for the japanese military fanatics might otherwise have continued the war indefinitely. hess: one other point. the president had a …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, February 21, 1968

… the 15th report. snyder: yes, the purpose of that was--you see the august 15th report had not contemplated the immediate japanese cessation of pacific activities so for that reason as soon as [331] the pacific war was over, then it required a … had closed up and we were plunged into reconversion in europe whereas we were still fighting a war in the pacific with the japanese, and so we were neither fish nor fowl, we were part of each. hess: reconversion and redeployment on one hand and fighting on the other. snyder: that's correct. so, when the japanese surrendered, why, then we were switching to a full effort towards remobilization for peace. hess: the report had …

Edwin McCammon Martin Oral History Interview

… interview oral history interview with edwin mccammon martin during the truman administration, was chief, division of japanese and korean economic affairs, department of state, 1945-47; chief, division of occupied area economic affairs, … very interesting, yes. martin: i first got involved in july 1947, when i had been about two years working in charge of japanese and korean economic policy. i had started work on occupation policy at oss under ed mason who then went to state and … and the treasury people were only really interested in germany. the political forces were german-oriented, not much japanese. actually, macarthur was very observant of directives from washington. he did insist on seeing them before they came …

H. Freeman Matthews Oral History Interview

… it, that it had taken place. as i recall it, i was not present. stalin's reaction was, "i hope you use it against the japanese?" but he didn't give any indication that he knew all about it from fuchs or someone else -- it was part of the show. … on a number of occasions during the truman administration you had to deal with mr. dulles. matthews: yes, working on the japanese peace treaty i used to see him from time to time and i had very good relations with him personally. i admired him as … w. averell, 22 haskell, john, 15 hopkins, harry, 3 inchon, korea, 18-19 iran, 22-23 , 31 italian treaty, 11-12 japan, 6 japanese peace treaty, 33 johnson, alex, 17 johnson, louis, 17 , 18 joint chiefs of staff, 20 kennan, george f., a discussion …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, May 28, 1969

… that brings up one of the strongest reasons, as i said, the military aspect of it, because they were so certain that the japanese were going to fight to the last island, that they were going to make the kamikaze effort to protect the emperor to … don't. hess: back on the atomic bomb, what part did the fact that the russians were getting ready to enter the asiatic and japanese war play in the fact that we dropped the bomb? now we dropped the first bomb on august 6th; the russians declared … the second bomb on august 9th. snyder: i don't know when the russians would have really entered the war against the japanese, but i think that they saw the war was over, and [ 1617] that's when they rushed in and declared war on the …

General William H. Draper Jr. Oral History Interview

… roosevelt had prior information that pearl harbor was to be attacked, and he did not notify the commanders so that the japanese would attack and get us into the war in that manner. what do you think of that? draper: i don't believe it. i don't … possible to fight in two oceans, and gradually to move across the pacific, island after island, until we had conquered the japanese, was james forrestal. hess: in your opinion, what was his view of the unification of the services? draper: my … and come to terms with general macarthur and let him know that i was ready to assist in any reasonable way to make the japanese occupation a success. i think it was the right thing to have done. i arrived there. i informed him that i was …

Eleanor Bontecou Oral History Interview

… south. evidently the attitude towards the negro carried over to anything that was unpopular. there were some cases against japanese citizens. they, too, originated in the south. then there were rights under the election laws which were scattered … so i don't know. we were opening up new areas all the time. a lot of these cases, like the jehovah witnesses and the japanese citizens and so on, probably wouldn't have existed if it hadn't been for the war. it was primarily the jehovah … laws, 11 federal bureau of investigation, 8-9 , 34 , 44 , 45 florida, 14 harding, warren, 4 harper ’s magazine, 31 japanese, 9 , 18 jehovah's witnesses, 10 , 18 , 19 justice department, 1 labor laws, 19 lynchings, 10-11 , 12 , 26 mckeller, …

Colonel Laurence E. Bunker Oral History Interview

… in his position--i saw even with general macarthur there was one situation in tokyo where an order went [21] out to the japanese government that i thought was bad--just plain bad. so, i asked the general about it, and he said, "well, to tell you … and he really was the true viking type. over and over again he was taken up to new guinea by airplane, dropped behind the japanese lines, made his surveys, was picked up by a submarine off the coast, and brought back with his report of this, that … said, "you just cannot do this. as far as the far east is concerned, macarthur is the one who has won that war against the japanese, and if you put anybody else in command, it's going to downgrade macarthur, he'll lose face, standing, out there. …

J. Graham Parsons Oral History Interview

… time to time the consul general would go. we observed the industrialization of manchuria and the early preparations of the japanese for more extended warfare. the first factory that built the zero fighter was right in mukden. had foreign service … particular fighter which was so lethal in the early stages of the war and so much better than anything we anticipated the japanese would have. mckinzie: did you have the military counterpart in [7] mukden with you? parsons: no. the staff didn't have anybody on it except the consul general, who was a senior officer from the japanese service and a qualified japanese linguist, myself, and an american clerk, who had some japanese blood in him and …

John P. Cosgrove Oral History Interview

… we were at war and defending democracy by doing all those things that we felt we [9] should do after being attacked by the japanese at pearl harbor. it was an experience i valued more after accomplishing my desire for sea duty. after 15 months … destroyer-escorts--to go in and make our own landing, so to speak. we didn't know what to expect from the japanese. they were just as concerned about us. we had one officer armed. with no more than eleven men at a time, we were to … of cigarettes. the price went up, and they soon learned to establish the rates of barter. i think that's a trait of the japanese we see quite in evidence today. johnson: yes, i think so. when did you come back to the states? cosgrove: …

Harry H. Vaughan, March 20, 1976 Oral History Interview

… people in hiroshima -- i don't know how many it killed -- there would be many more than that killed in american and japanese soldiers and sailors in taking the japanese islands one at a time with a beachhead. and that was the reason he used the bomb to bring the war to a close. and people said, "oh, but you didn't give the japanese any warning." he gave the japanese every warning. we told them what we had, that we had a very powerful -- we would …

Dirk U. Stikker Oral History Interview, July 14, 1970

… forces which had been created during the war. now there was complete chaos in indonesia. at the very last moment when the japanese practically were already beaten and had lost the war, still the japanese generals transferred authority for the republic to sukarno. and to my mind and to the mind of most people in the netherlands, we considered sukarno as a collaborator with the japanese during the war. he sent tens of thousands of indonesians to work on the burma road, and he helped the japanese and …

Dr. Robinson Newcomb Oral History Interview

… in the foreign service of the chinese government. he was in the chinese embassy in japan during the war as long as the japanese would let anybody stay there. he used to climb the fence at night and put a handkerchief over his face, as many japanese did, and go out and mix; he could speak japanese fluently. he knew, obviously, a good many of the top bureaucracy in the chinese government; and he came to me, …

Clark Clifford Oral History

… israel, 139-140 , 429 recognition of, 95-106 and truman, harry s., 95-106 italy, 79 , 148 , 373 jacobson, edward, 105 japanese, surrender in world war ii, 28-29 jefferson-jackson day dinner, 53-54 , 423 johnson, louis, 141 a discussion of, …

Chief Justice Earl Warren Oral History Interview

… relations, and we had a date with the [6] president. and the day we had set for the date was the day after the japanese surrender. it was in the morning and i remember we came in and this city looked like it had been hit by a tornado, … in foreign affairs, i didn't follow it real closely. but i saw him at the peace conference in san francisco, the japanese peace conference, when he presided at that conference. i thought that he was magnificent. i thought he handled that … saved a million or so lives by taking as many as he did. i have wondered somewhat if it wouldn't have been wise to get the japanese military to some place and show them what the atomic bomb would do? maybe, out therein the pacific someplace we …

John F. Melby Oral History Interview, November 7, 1986

… america did nothing militarily. accinelli: peru made no direct contribution? melby: no. there was a very large colony of japanese who dug in their truck gardens all around the big peruvian airport [37] at lima-tambo, which is the airport for lima. they were there where they could monitor things. we finally sent john emmerson, who was a japanese language officer, to the embassy in lima where his job was to persuade the peruvian government to intern all those japanese for the duration. he succeeded, and they did. then he, of course, would be one of those who would be of the yenan …

Oscar R. Ewing Oral History Interview, April 29, 1969

… nowhere. one day i was walking from the conference back to my hotel for lunch, and i overtook a man who was with the japanese [64] delegation and whom i had seen often in new york at the savarin lunch counter. this was in the basement of the … him in new york did you know that he was connected with drug or narcotic business? ewing: no, i had no idea. i think the japanese consulate was in the equitable building at that time. fuchs: he was there as a diplomat, then? ewing: yes, and he … we think would meet your objections." then he asked me to explain. i said to him, "we're [65] in the same position as your japanese manufacturers. this scheme of control in the draft will eliminate the americans from all future export trade in …

John S. Dickey Oral History Interview

… very vividly, a day or two after pearl harbor, a meeting of that group, when about the only agenda activity, so far as the japanese were concerned, was our list of japanese businesses operating in south america. we had been gathering the list for six months or so, and immediately after [22] pearl harbor we put out a special edition of the blacklist adding the japanese names. i remember mr. acheson saying, "well, this is a small token of response to the japanese attack, but all …

Henry Byroade Oral History Interview

… but it took us about three months in florida to get organized, and underway, and by the time we got to karachi, the japanese had that area. the second plan was to use the northern philippines, but that was gone too. i was left in karachi. … hundred miles southeast of chungking. it's the southeastern-central part of china. johnson: how far was that from the japanese occupied territory? [16] byroade: when i first got to kweilin, i guess i was part of a cover plan; i didn't know it … adventure in east china with chennault's p-40s; their ratio was about 13 to 1 to the japs. johnson: you mean in the japanese favor? byroade: no, in our favor. johnson: thirteen to one. byroade: well, one reason was that chennault was a …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, December 27, 1967

… were already cracking up. the nazi germany was falling apart rapidly and that seemed to be evident. how much longer the japanese would hold out after the nazis broke up was a question, although the advices (the military advices) were that they … helping europe get back on its feet, and then concurrent with that was the grave problem of the persistence [196] of the japanese holding on. of course, we were beginning to have rumbles of labor problems and as the war signs showed evidence of …

Frank K. Kelly Oral History Interview

… star , and i had covered the early impact of the war for the ap in new york. my wife and i got married two days before the japanese attack on pearl harbor. i married barbara mandigo, of kansas city, on december 5, 1941. the next night, the 6th, hal … had 50 or 60 newspapermen there. i remember one of them, a chinese correspondent, saying, "well, don't you realize the japanese may attack you at any time?" the american correspondents were saying, "oh, they wouldn't dare do that." that was the … thing, when i asked him about the atom bomb, he said, "well, frank, you know we were burning up thousands and thousands of japanese men, women and children in b-29 fire bombs." so he said, "i asked how many people we'd have to kill, and they told …

Bernard Bernstein Oral History Interview

… silver tax. it seems to me an important principle of law and important for congress to have that power. in 1937, the japanese sank the american [15] gunboat called the panay in the yangtze river in china. the president asked the secretary of … we drafted a document for the president by which he would impose controls on banking transactions in [16] which the japanese had an interest. for reasons formulated at the top level of government, the president decided not to go forward with … and economic control program comparable to our program. of course, we knew there were a great deal of nazi german and japanese interests down there that were working against us, and trying to get goods and supplies and financing to aid the …

R. Gordon Arneson Oral History Interview

… of the atomic bomb against japan; truman's note, "release when ready, but not sooner than august 2;" destruction of the japanese cyclotron; potsdam conference; baruch plan; acheson-lilienthal report; quebec agreement; joint atomic energy … to general macarthur. it had the approval of general groves. it called for the immediate destruction of all the japanese cyclotrons. i said to myself, "this is all wrong; it shouldn't be done. first of all, there's really no war potential in the cyclotron; the japanese could never produce an atomic bomb by means of a cyclotron. second, this action by the army would further infuriate …

Oscar L. Chapman Oral History Interviews

… , 94 , 95 , 425-427 , 431 , 432 israel, 28-32 , 33-48 , 738-741 , 759 , 760 , 763-774 , 778-779 j jacobson, edward, 46-48 japanese-american war relocation camps, 727-731 johnson, frederick, 586 johnson, jed, 747 , 751 johnson, louis a., 318 , …

Dillon S. Myer Oral History Interview, Chap XIV-XVII

… war relocation authority the people in the salt river valley of arizona were quite concerned for fear that a lot of the japanese americans were going to settle there and they didn’t like the prospective competition. there were a few japanese americans already there and they knew that the competition was something that they didn’t want to face. so they hired a so-called public relations man who was not very ethical. they put on quite a campaign against the japanese americans and stirred things up to the point where it began to worry senator hayden and of course it worried me. we …

Cornelius J. Mara Oral History Interviews

… "oh my god." [ 8] well then he said, "get the uniform on and get down to the office." hess: were you surprised that the japanese took that action? mara: oh yes. oh yes. was i surprised? yes, of course, yes, i'm sure i was surprised. i don't … force trying to get through the panama canal broke through at this particular point. and we later learned that the japanese, some japanese people tried to buy the land where this breakthrough occurred. so they were planning for years... hess: they had …

John Maktos Oral History Interview

… the pearl harbor attack by japan. i raised the question whether the u.s., if it had had prior notice of an impending japanese attack there, would have been an aggressor if it had first destroyed the japanese forces destined to make the attack. (u.n. document a/2211, paragraphs 392-93.) by its resolution 599 (vi), of …

John J. Muccio Oral History Interview, December 27, 1973

… they had a few that had had experience with the chinese nationalists, they had a few that had had some training with the japanese, but as you know, [11] the japanese wouldn't allow koreans in their armed forces. there were very few trained south koreans. so you had really just an …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, January 10, 1968

… it was only a short time until may the 8th when germany capitulated. from then on he was faced with the carrying on of the japanese, or the pacific part of the war, while reconversion was beginning to develop on the european side where the war was … minute that i sat down in my owmr job my life was not a tranquil one. in one sense, the period between the german and the japanese surrenders was much more difficult than the years when the war had raged in both europe and asia. with a two-front …

J. C. Turner Oral History Interview

… to know sooner or later what the atomic bomb could do. in retrospect, whether or not all the time was taken in giving the japanese proper warning, i don't know, but i think eventually it would have -- i don't think the japanese believed us. a lot of people said, "well, we should have dropped the bomb somewhere else to let them see it, you … before we did it. but even after we had dropped the first bomb, as you know, we still couldn't get any response from the japanese in terms of any kind of a surrender that we could accept. then came the second bomb. so certainly the first bomb had …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, March 18, 1976

… japan, but we called it the yellow invasion. well, i was just utterly amazed at what i learned, the preparation that the japanese had done and the strength--you see the war was on then in europe--the european war was on. i came home thoroughly … he was out there checking on the west coast to see how [44] they were set up in case that we got pressure from the japanese and so forth. things were beginning to look like we had pretty well got them contained over in europe by that time, … and there were feelings going on that we could lick the europeans, but we didn't know what we were going to do with the japanese if we got tangled on both sides. so, presumably, really what he was doing was feeling out the people and …

James Woodrow "Bud" Porter Oral History Interview

… the war was the right decision, and that's what he did it for. he didn't want to kill a million and a half or 50,000 japanese, but anything to end the war, make the war shorter, that was the goal of that. they had made bombs, they could have wiped the whole japanese island off of the map in a matter of days if they had wanted to. i've heard people ask him about this decision about …

John W. Snyder Oral History Interview, August 13, 1969

… and the internal prosperity of western germany. through the national advisory council, attention was focused on the japanese situation in the same year and recommendations were made which eventuated in special missions to japan. these missions advised the supreme commander and the japanese officials on exchange policy and internal measures. the stabilization program resulting from these efforts provided an impressive stimulus to japanese recovery. in 1949 progress was being made in a number of continental european countries in controlling inflation and …

Geoffrey W. Lewis Oral History Interview

… example of prior planning. that is to say, all of us hoped, certainly, and believed, that eventually the germans and the japanese would surrender, which of course, they did. now, what then? the european advisory commission was supposed to lay … of the governments of the french, the british, or ourselves ever seriously contemplated that. for one thing, we: had the japanese war on our hands in the early days, and nobody [ 17] knew how that was going to go. people were very pessimistic at … offices; of the department which were going to handle relations with germany and japan. some of us went east to the japanese office, and some of us went to the bureau, as it was then, of german affairs. it was thought that the importance of …

Carroll H. Kenworthy Oral History Interview

… of prestige in the far east in those days. it not only circulated in all of the foreign community in japan and among many japanese who prided themselves on their english, but in china and the philippines. it was called the japan advertiser . i … there in 1929. it was a good era as far as relations with the united states were concerned while i was there, because the japanese were seeking american capital to build hydro-electric plants and other capital investments, and they were very eager … won a sensational victory with almost genius strategy in crossing the pacific, that they admired him -- probably even some japanese. hess: what is your personal opinion, do you think that [43] general macarthur should have been discharged? …

Edwin W. Martin Oral History Interview

… days i think this was the primary source of uranium, that part of africa. we also shipped out wild rubber, because the japanese had occupied the big rubber plantations of southeast asia. the congo used to be a big source of rubber in the very … officer who had been doing his chinese language study in peking at the time of pearl harbor. he was interned there by the japanese and later repatriated. he had been given the job of recruiting a new batch of chinese language trainees, because … american point of view. for example, most of the military equipment which the nationalists had, we gave them to fight the japanese, and therefore it was erroneous to say that we had given them this aid to fight the communists. that was just …

J. Burke Knapp Oral History Interviews

… of course, we have observed that in recent years, when the united states was in massive deficit and the germans and the japanese were in massive surplus, it was the united states that was lecturing the germans and the japanese to take expansionary measures to avoid the surpluses they were accumulating. another way, of course, that you can … the same thing with the vast american aid that was supplied to japan in the early days. nobody had any idea that the japanese economy could recover as it has recovered, [ 95] and would arrive at a state where it would not only recover …

Robert G. Nixon Oral History Interview, November 4, 1970

… attacked by surprise, on a weekend, just like the pearl harbor attack. they were in korea, where they had been since the japanese surrender, to protect south korea from further communist expansion. in the same way that our [730] forces were in … event, he was a strongly political minded general, which as it turned out, was finally to get him into trouble. after the japanese surrender, which he accepted aboard the battleship missouri in tokyo bay, he was made the commanding general of our …

Philip D. Reister Oral History Interview

… he slept well after he made the decision to drop the atomic bomb because he saved not only american lives, but actually japanese lives too, [5] because they would have fought to the last man, woman and child. geselbracht: dr. reister, you …

Clifford C. Matlock Oral History Interview

… that might be required if russia or china should cut loose. i never knew who decided to reverse the policy on german and japanese disarmament, except that it had to be the president's formal decision. i was part of the chorus to explain why we … don't forget, and churchill's a man who, up until the hydrogen bomb experiments in the south pacific and the sick japanese fisherman 80 miles away, basically wanted to challenge russia and get the question of war or peace settled while … on a slightly different set of priorities reflected by this difference in estimate of the soviet threat, "the menace." the japanese had the same difference about communist china. dulles wanted the japanese to be more worried than the americans …

Lois Bernhardt Oral History Interview

… that mr. byrnes wrote for the president, and i typed it. johnson: you typed for the president's signature, to go to the japanese, i think through the swiss. bernhardt: through the swiss. that we had the means to annihilate their cities if they … surrendered when we were in san francisco on may 8th. at san francisco that didn't mean much; this is a big country. the japanese war was paramount there. johnson: sure. bernhardt: yes, i typed up the surrender terms in the office in the state … our premise was that the emperor would have no influence, because we did not want that brainwashing to continue with the japanese. and that's why they were hesitating about this unconditional surrender, why they didn't want to accept it. johnson: …

Emilio Collado Oral History Interview, July 7, 1971

… because, after all, we'd already finished the war in europe and during the first of the summer had the capitulation of the japanese. so it was a mop-up job at best and it was going badly, and we were having nothing but trouble with leo and then in … of '44 with keynes which were called the phase ii or the state ii. that was the lend-lease post-germany. it was really the japanese phase of lend-lease [54] and he was pretty difficult. in those days he had as a deputy, lauch [lauchlin] currie, who …

Paul G. Hoffman Oral History Interview

… on that note. much to my surprise at 4:30 that afternoon when i was involved in a press conference at the pentagon on the japanese and korean economies, one of the reporters asked me, "have you been offered the post as eca administrator?" because …

Clark M. Clifford Oral History Interview, April 13, 1971

… order, also, what stands out in your mind concerning [28] the events around the white house at the day that the japanese surrendered in august. anything in particular? clifford: i remember at that time that we had given some attention to … european phase ended, may of '45 . . . hess: april. clifford: in april the european phase ended, and then in august the japanese phase ended. we were still carrying on in the roosevelt tradition through that time. and i'd say for the balance of …